Journalism and Diversity Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

News coverage and Diversity - Term Paper Example This paper tells that the idea of dependable media got acknowledgment through the Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press in the United States. The World Association of Press Councils understands that the opportunity of the press must be capable to the open reason, if not the legislature. It reports that â€Å"it is verifiable and characteristic in the establishment of a free press that the press practices its forces and obligations in a mindful manner† (The Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, 2000, p. 2). Condition 12 of the Press Complaints Code manages separation issue with respect to announcing of news, controlling columnists also the race, shading, religion, sexual direction, physical or dysfunctional behavior or inability of an individual except if these are required really to finish the story. The reason behind this statement is to make sure about individuals from one-sided revealing and the news distribution doesn't hurt the regular open intrigue. Columnists need t o separate between the lines, crossing it just when comments are made commonly about different segments of individuals on a reporter’s singular ability to compose that is politically right and a choice can't be handily made without hurting others’ right of opportunity of articulation (Beales, 2009). The reason for the Code is to draw a line, staying inside which won’t make any conflict between the privilege of general society to the right to speak freely of discourse and the privileges of an individual not to be presented to one-sided individual maltreatment. With respect to right to opportunity of articulation, having an alternate supposition is the privilege regardless of the issue whether it isn't to others’ loving or others mind it (Beales, 2009). With the expanding pattern of media taken to the court over its demeanor of general supposition, the obligation of the press has expanded to report day by day news in a controlled manner. Past instances of d ifferent news detailing can help in drawing a line between taking the opportunity of distributing news, for instance, the British media took restriction by not distributing the antagonistic Danish depiction of the Prophet Mohammed, in spite of the fact that they were not limited by the Code not to do as such. On a similar length, the wry guidance of a national paper editorialist to wire the district lanes to decollate cyclists made displeasure among the crowds however it was not the infringement of the Code with respect to the journalist but since the comment was not focused on any individual and the reporter additionally distributed an expression of remorse, the issue was agreeably settled (Beales, 2009). In any case, deprecatory or biased hostility at chose individuals is against the soul of the Code. For example, making fun at the handicapped child of Katie Price, the showbiz model from Jordan turned into a questionable issue; the PCC was overflowed with grumblings from perusers and furthermore from Ms. Cost and her significant other, Peter Andre. The issue must be settled when an on the web and in-print statement of regret was made by the magazine other than making the gift to the cause (Beales, 2009). The Code acts the hero of those people who are focused on and defrauded yet objections made by the outsider don't go under the circular segment of the Code until the victim consents to help the protest. Writers are encouraged to apply limitation in detailing matters of open enthusiasm by the PCC. Regardless of whether no case of separation is made by any individual, PCC can make a move under different segments of the Code like Accuracy. For example, the PCC gave the direction note on refuge searchers showing that it wasn't right to accept haven searchers as unlawful. They are legitimate so far as they are not denied shelter.

Teaching Situation Essay Example for Free

Encouraging Situation Essay A1a. Instructing Situation The training circumstance in the video was a run of the mill PC lab sort of study hall. The tables were masterminded around the edge of the room just as a walkway in the center with two long tables. PCs were put on the tables with a satisfactory spaces in the middle of to permit every understudy to have enough space to work. On the mass of the study hall there was a chalkboard, just as a LCD screen that was used to show the understudies what the educator was doing on the instructors PC. A huge wood organizer is put nearby of the board. There is a globe and an overhead projector that is close to the educators PC and workspace. Every understudy is situated at their own PC. A1b. Instructive Activities The understudy s in the video were told to make a rundown on the PC utilizing a word processor. In the first place, the understudies inspected the material that they had perused as a gathering. Second, the understudies made a realistic coordinator on the PC that indicated the principle thoughts and supporting subtleties of the data they had perused. At last, the understudies delivered an outline on the PC and looked into their rundowns all together. Instructional Delivery The instructional conveyance that the educator introduced in the video was immediate guidance when she was looking into the understudies understanding material. Later on, the instructor utilizes PC helped guidance by utilizing the LCD board to extend her statement handling guide to the understudies. The innovation that was fused into the exercise was a work station, a word preparing program, just as a LCD board. A2a. Level of Student Engagement During the exercise, the understudies were effectively tuning in to the instructors guidelines as she portrayed what they were to do. Understudies utilized the innovation in the exercise; first, by utilizing the PC and furthermore the word processor so as to make their own realistic coordinator as the educator trained them to do. The understudies were copying the educators activities by observing how she was setting up the archive in the word processor. A3a. Association Between Choice of Technology and Instructional Purpose The instructional reason for the exercise in the video was for understudies to peruse a bit of material and afterward compose a rundown about what they had perused. The watched educators decision of utilizing a word processor as the innovation in the exercise shows that the understudies were relied upon to rehearse their PC aptitudes by utilizing a word processor to type their rundowns. The understudies utilized the innovation to make a realistic coordinator as a record and to type their individual outlines of the perusing. A4a. Association Between Effectiveness of Lesson Delivery and Student Use of Technology The exercise was conveyed by the educator anticipating her PC screen onto the LCD board for the understudies to see and track with on their own PCs. The educator clarifies what she is accomplishing for each progression and permits enough time for the understudies to finish each progression with her. The viability of the exercise was to have understudies practice their PC aptitudes just as their rundown abilities. The understudies genuine utilization of the word processor as innovation set them up for future errands that would be expected of them to finish on a word processor. A4b. Clarification of Thinking Process The reasoning procedure that I used to arrive at that resolution depended on the educators meet where she expresses that the understudies need to figure out how to utilize PCs in light of the fact that the innovation is turning out to be increasingly more relevant in their day by day lives. The instructor had the option to join the two assignments into one by intertwining their PC exercise into a perusing exercise too. Actually, I find that whenever an educator can join two exercises into one is utilizing time in the study hall well. A5a. Elective or Additional Form of Technology An extra type of innovation that could be utilized is the PC program called paint. The program is essentially a clear canvas where the client can make drawings by utilizing their mouse or by utilizing shapes that are in the program. The understudies could utilize paint to delineate a scene from the perusing. A5b. Legitimization of Recommendations My legitimization for my proposal of utilizing paint to delineate a scene from the perusing is to give another point to understudies to utilize their understanding perception and apply it innovatively on the PC program. Most understudies will discover utilizing paint fun, and wont understand that its work. By utilizing the program Paint, it additionally gives a road to visual and material students to apply their insight. A6a. Beginning Reactions My underlying responses in the wake of survey the utilization of innovation in the video was intrigued. In light of the conspicuous age of the video, I was dazzled to see understudies utilizing PCs and word preparing when PCs were pricey and not as promptly accessible as they are today. The understudies were, at that point, encountering bleeding edge innovation! What truly dazzled me when I saw the video was the utilization of the LCD board. I didn't understand that that innovation was accessible so at an opportune time, and it is extremely helpful when indicating understudies bit by bit guidelines on a PC. A6b. Clarification of Considerations What I considered as I made thoughts with respect to proficient ramifications in regards to the utilization of innovation in the homeroom is that I plan on consolidating it however much as could be expected in my own study hall. Today particularly, innovation is a higher priority than any time in recent memory and an understudy ought to be acquainted with innovation in their study hall, on the off chance that that experience isn't accessible to them at home.

Critiquing English Literature - Literature Essay Samples

There are a countless number of authors that critique contemporary English usage to the highest extent they possibly can in order to ensure one’s writing is flawless. David Foster Wallace and George Orwell are two of the many authors that criticize modern English literature and offer solutions for what they believe to be common literary mistakes. Orwell’s â€Å"Politics and the English Language† focuses on writing clearly, in a simple fashion and the mistakes one is prone to make if they do not write in this style. On the other hand, â€Å"Authority and American Usage† by Wallace discusses the ongoing Usage Wars of modern English writing and the importance of authority and credibility in writing, while drawing a clear line between usage and ethics. Although both authors believe there are many flaws in English literature, their literary styles both differ from one another and they do not offer the same solutions to their much different critiques. As a resul t of this, neither Orwell nor Wallace would agree with each other regarding the issue of common literary mistakes and the techniques necessary to solve these problems. Orwell starts off â€Å"Politics and the English Language† by claiming that the English language is going towards the wrong path by stating, â€Å"Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way.† Orwell blames this decline on bad habits that are â€Å"spread by imitation.†The bad habits that Orwell mentions throughout his essay are the use of dying metaphors, operators/verbal false limbs, pretentious diction, and meaningless words. The reason he claims these habits are the cause of the decline is because they complicate something that can be written more simply. â€Å"As I have tried to show, modern writing at its worst does not consist in picking out words for the sake of their meaning and inventing images in order to make the meaning clearer. It consists in gumming together long strips of words which have already been set in order by someone else, and making the results presentable by sheer humbug. The attra ction of this way of writing is that it is easy. It is even easiereven quicker, once you have the habitto say In my opinion it is a not unjustifiable assumption that than to say I think. If you use ready-made phrases, you not only don’t have to bother with the rhythms of your sentences, since these phrases are generally so arranged as to be more or less euphonious.†Orwell believes, and tries to persuade the reader, that these habits will cause the writer to lose meaning of what is being written. He criticizes modern English by saying that writers use words and phrases that are commonly used, or have been used before by someone else, not because they relate to what they are writing but because it is much easier to do as opposed to sit down and actually think for yourself. This ends up causing the written work to end up scattered and not clear, which is the opposite of what Orwell preaches aboutclear writing. Orwell also mentions that insincerity in writing is a cause of clear writing. He says, â€Å"The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one’s real and one’s declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like cuttlefish squirting out ink.† When a writer is not sincere in their work, it creates a barrier between the writer’s real message and the message that they actually get across to their audience because they start spewing out random, meaningless words and phrases which then results in writing that is anything but clear. Although Orwell feels that the English language is going down a bad path, he believes that it can be saved. â€Å"I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable.†He lists six specific things that will improve contemporary English for most situations. The list says: i. Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. ii. Never use a long word where a short one will do.iii. If it is possible to a cut a word out, always cut it out. iv. Never use the passive where you can use the active. v. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. vi. Break any of these rules sooner than saying something outright barbarous.† This set of rules, in Orwell’s opinion, will better one’s writing and will also help save modern English usage but it may take a while to do so. Orwell does not think one’s writing will change immediately because people have â€Å"grown used to writing in the style now fashionable.†With these changes Orwell believes writing will become more unique. â€Å"One cannot change this all in a moment, but one can at least change one’s own habits, and from time to time one can even, if one jeers loudly enough, send some worn-out and useless phrasesome jackboot, Achilles’ heel, hotbed, melting pot, acid test, veritable inferno or other lump of verbal refuseinto the dustbin where it belongs.†Instead of copying phrases and words that are commonly passed around, writers will begin to think for themselves and write more creatively and clearly. Unlike Orwell, Wallace does not care much about clear writing as much as he does drawing a clear line between usage versus ethics, which are the causes of the â€Å"Usage War† that he mentions throughout his essay. The Usage War is a fight between Prescriptivism (usage), or SNOOTs, and Descriptivism (ethics), two styles of writing that are the total opposites of one another. In his essay, Wallace refers to Prescriptives as â€Å"linguistic conservatives,† Wallace who believe that there should be a set of rules to determine what is correct or incorrect in English usage, wheres Descriptivists are labeled as â€Å"linguistic liberals† that do not believe in set guidelines regarding what should be considered right or wrong and favor ethics over logic. Wallace believes in order to solve the problem between usage and ethics, one must build credibility in order to have authority over the reader, which is why he is such a huge fan of Bryan Garner’s A Dictionary of Modern American Usage. He describes Garner as â€Å"a genius because the Dictionary of Modern American Usage pretty much resolves the Usage Wars Crisis of Authority. Garner manages to control the compresence of rhetorical Appeals so cleverly that he appears able to transcend both Usage Wars camps and simply tell the truth, and in a way that does not torpedo his own credibility but actually enhances it.†Garner is able to solve the Usage War by creating credibility in his writing which thus creates authority. â€Å"In fact, a large part of the project of any contemporary usage dictionary will consist in establishing this authority. If that seems rather obvious, be apprised that nobody before Garner seems to have figured it out — that the lexicographers challenge now is to be not just accurate and comprehensive but credible. That in the absence of unquestioned Authority in language, the reader must now be moved or persuaded to grant a dictionary its authority, freely an d for what appear to be good reasons.† What Wallace is trying to say here is that a writer must be able to build credibility in order for the reader to be able to hand over his trust to gain authority. Garner has completed that by creating enough credibility in his dictionary which causes the reader to believe his work. Reviewing both Orwell’s and Wallace’s critiques of contemporary English usage and their solutions, one can clearly see that they do not agree on what is wrong with English nor how to fix these problems. Orwell’s problem with modern writing is described in this passage: â€Å"the writer either has a meaning and cannot express it, or he inadvertently says something else, or he is almost indifferent as to whether his words mean anything or not.†Orwell is claiming that the main problem is caused by the writer not being able to get his point across clearly enough. On the other hand, Wallace claims that the biggest problem is the â€Å"Usage War,† which is a fight about gaining authority in writing. â€Å"These Wars are both the context and the target of a very subtle rhetorical strategy in A Dictionary of Modern American Usage, and without talking about them its impossible to explain why Garners book is both so good and so sneaky.†Orwell states th at contemporary English usage will be saved only if we write clearly and stop being lazy, whereas Wallace believes that the problem is not about the way you write but about how you can gain authority over what you write about. Although Orwell’s â€Å"Politics and the English Language† and Wallace’s â€Å"Authority and American Language Usage† both critique contemporary English usage, they are both very different from one another and they would not agree with each other regarding what is wrong and how to solve these problems. While Orwell focused more on writing clearly, Wallace devoted most of his paper to the Usage Wars; however, both authors critiqued and solved many problems that are present in contemporary English usage.

The Wild And Ambitious Journey Of Chris Mccandless

Into The Wild Analysis Alexander Supertramp: Personification of Courage The story Into The Wild details the spiritual and ambitious journey of Chris McCandless. Chris McCandless is depicted by the author Jon Krakauer as an individual who grew tired of the social perceptions and all the flavorless interactions that occupied it. Despite the career path that was laid in front of him, McCandless sought something more than what materialism had to offer; He sought enlightenment. Due to the cause that was larger than himself, Chris McCandless was righteous in his actions and people should follow in his footsteps to a lesser extreme. Chris McCandless is the last person one would expect to jump off the dotted line. He had a strong foundation. His family prioritized higher education and had the financial means to let McCandless follow his dreams. In fact, he was able to graduate college debt free due to donations and scholarships. â€Å"The final two years of his college education had been paid for with a forty th ousand-dollar bequest left by a friend of the family’s; more than twenty-four thousand dollars remained at the time of Chris’s graduation, money his parents thought he intended to use for law school† (Krakauer 20). McCandless had all the resources to pursue a professional career, but instead he chose something that he found more beneficial. The details surrounding Chris McCandless are essential because they help the reader understand exactly how important this cause wasShow MoreRelatedInto the Wild: Chris McCandless is a True Hero970 Words   |  4 PagesThe famous story of Chris McCandless’s journey, Into The Wild, provokes the reader to ask a certain question at the end of it all: Is Chris McCandless someone people should look up to? Or is he just another person who bit off a little more than he could chew? With various accounts from people who met this young man in the novel, it’s hard for someone not to show bias on this topic. Many viewed him as brave and heroic for his accomplishments; others viewed him as an unpreparedRead MoreInto the Wild: Individuality Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesInto the Wild People are often told to be themselves as a way of embracing their uniqueness. This seems to not be true since conformity and lack of individualism is a big issue with society. The issue of what led Christopher McCandless, main character from Into the Wild by John Krakauer, to go on a search to find himself. In the author’s note of the novel, Krakauer introduces the term ‘schools of thought’. 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Four years after his death, Jon Krakauer wrote a novel titled Into The Wild, the book traced McCandless s journey around much of the United States, across the West side of Canada, and even down to the boarder of Mexico. Over the many years since his death, speculations have arisen about how death was brought upon him. Most believe starvationRead MoreUnraveling The Enigma Of Christopher Mccandless1435 Words   |  6 PagesUnraveling the Enigma of Christopher McCandless Throughout the novel, Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer sincerely disentangles the haunting enigma of Chris McCandless. By tracing the places, people and experiences intertwined in the life of McCandless, Krakauer narrates the life story of a puzzling corpse found in a bus buried in the Alaskan frontier in a truly authentic way of storytelling. Although Krakauer inserts direct quotes from people who McCandless came into direct contact with and experts fromRead MoreInto the Wild: Chris McCandless as Role Model Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesThere had never been and there would never be someone exactly like Chris McCandless. Chris has a middle class background and stands out from his peers because he believes that society restrains his independence. He leaves his past life and wanders America heading toward the lonely Alaskan wilderness to find who he really is. He discovers ways of moving to Alaska despite leaving behind all of his possessions and social status. Chris’s sincerity and integrity earn the respect of the people he meetsRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1642 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher McCandless may be one of the most intriguing characters in nonfiction literature. In Into The Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandless gives up all of his worldly possessions in order to move to Alaska and travel alone into the wilderness. Chris seemed to lead a very privileged life, as he came from a fairly well off family. Chris was intelligent, having graduated from Emory University with a degree in anthropology and history. There is much ambiguity as to why Chris suddenly decidesRead MoreAvoiding The Possessive Shadow Of Society1851 Words   |  8 PagesIn his book Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer writes about Christopher McCandless, who did anything but live in society’s large and possessive shadow. Chris broke free from society’s chains and lived his life with adventure despite the numerous people telling him to stop. Into the Wild by Jon Kr akauer focuses on Christopher McCandless and his mysterious decision to live on the road. Starting with the discovery of Chris s body in Alaska, the book goes back to the start of his journey following him aroundRead MoreChris Mccandless s Into The Wild1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Wild, Chris McCandless was oblivious to the external world. He was raised from a wealthy family from the Washington D.C region. Chris has been a man who wanted to create a divergent life for himself by making the decision to travel around the Alaskan Wilderness. Why would he be so selfish to throw away his fortunate life? He did not take his life for granted, he just found his personal individual passion. An adventurous soul should not be contaminated by negligence to find his/her journey. ChrisRead MoreReview Of Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer Essay2060 Words   |  9 Pages I just finished reading a book called Into the Wild. It is about a man named Chris McCandless who decides to give up all his poss essions and money, abandon his family, and embark on a journey to live in the Alaskan wilderness where he is found dead. Jon Krakauer, the author, explains McCandless’s cause of death, starvation. However, he does not explain what persuaded him do all the extreme behaviors he did. Therefore, we will analyze the concept of a dysfunctional family and see how it led him

Criminal Law Massachusetts Criminal Practice

Question: Describe about the Criminal Law for Massachusetts Criminal Practice? Answer: Issue: Alan and Betty are part of a TV show named "Eviction." Due to competitive differences between Alan and Betty, Alan in a fit of rage punched Betty. Betty admitted in Hospital, but the doctors fail to diagnose her. Consequently, she developed septicemia and after three days of suffering, she died. The directors and producers of the show at the time when the argument was going on failed to provide security. The question that arises here is whether Alan, Cathy, and Eviction Ltd are responsible for any criminal liability and if yes then what kind of defenses shall they avail to protect themselves under the Criminal Law. 1: According to the given case scenario, it is a fact that Alan hit Betty resulting in fracture of her cheekbone, and she admitted to a hospital. Her fracture repaired, but she develops blood poisoning (septicemia) and dies. It needs to analyze whether Alan's act results in attracting criminal liability for murder or not. In the given context, it is clear that there was actus reus that is, physical action or doing, on the part of Alan which led him to hit his co-contestant, Betty in the first place. But the more important fact that remains unknown in this matter is the presence of mens rea, which means guilty mind. Therefore, it is said that without the presence of the said mens rea, motive for murder cannot be found. Therefore, the presence of mens rea requires Alan's action resulted in criminal liability amounting to murder. Alan's act of attacking and harming Betty on the sets of "Eviction" occurred after a heated exchange between the two of them. Again, it is clear from the context that Betty was in clear lead and Alan was facing eviction. Alan got angry and started arguing with Betty, subsequently, Alan hit Betty hard in her face, fracturing her cheekbone. This act itself proves that Alan was not provoked or incited by the victim as it was Alan himself who started arguing with Betty. It is said that this act of violence resulted from jealousy, as Alan and Betty both were co-competitors and neither wanted to get evicted. Therefore, Alan has criminal liability as both mens rea, and actus reus are present in his action. Now, as the possible defense, Alan can make the plea that it was accidental killing, citing that he never intended to kill Betty. It shall be on the prosecution to prove the guilt of Alan and subsequently prosecute him. 2: In the given case scenario, an act of crime has been done by Alan, but until the prosecution proves his guilt, he shall be presumed innocent. Again, there is another possible defense for Alan. The case of partial defense might result in reducing his criminal liability from murder to manslaughter, falling under the purview of section 54 of the CJ Act, 2009. It is further to state that this is not a collective defense and can be used only in cases where the accused lost his control, which resulted in the victims murder. But this partial statement does not absolve the liability of the defendant, entirely. According to S. 54(1), of the Act of 2009, when a person kills someone or belongs to a party he has killed, he shall not be convicted of committing murder of the victim. Such an act or omission on part of the offender, which resulted in the killing of the victim, is due to the offender's loss of self-control [S. 54(1) (a)]. Now the loss of this so-called self-control should have resulted due to certain unavoidable triggering effects [S. 54(1) (b)]. There is enough proof to justify his actions by establishing the fact that any other person of ordinary prudence, self-restraining prowess and belonging to the same age and sex of the offender would have done the same, if he faced similar situation or circumstances as the original offender. According to the given case, it is a known fact that both Alan and Betty were competitive as neither of them wanted to get evicted from the game show. The game progresses, and as it does, it becomes clear that Betty is leading, and Alan faces eviction. Alan gets angry and starts arguing with Betty. In a fit of rage, he hit Betty, which results in a fracture of Betty's cheekbone, she hospitalized, and later she dies from blood poisoning. Alan is though criminally liable can take the partial defense as mentioned earlier, because his anger was the trigger that resulted in hitting Betty and Betty's subsequent death. A question arises whether Alan's partial denial of anger trigger considered as a proper defense or not. Section 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act, 2009 provides the various triggering factors and a detailed analysis of such triggers. Only taking a partial defense of sudden loss of control shall not constitute his defense, he also has to fulfill other supporting conditions mentioned in section 55 of the Act. According to section 55(4), there were the particular thing or things said or done or both, which attributed to the subsequent loss of control by the offender. Such associating factors said or done on the part of the victim must have created a circumstance of the major character or caused the offender to have reasons to believe that he seriously wrong. But, according to section 55(6), the sense of seriously hurt due to certain things said or done by the victim shall be disregarded if the offender himself instigated the victim in saying or doing such thing. In other words, if the offender prompted the victim to say or do certain things to justify his excuse of wronged by the victim shall be ineffective in the eyes of the law as be disregarded as a valid partial defense. In the given case scenario, Alan started the argument with Betty for reasons of jealousy, and subsequently, it turned into heated exchange and Betty got seriously injured. Here Alan deliberately started arguing with Betty, so the defense of partial defense shall not be applicable in this context. 3: Novus actus interventions is a Latin term which means an unexpected occurrence that happens after a person's act of negligence and operates to precipitate the plaintiff's loss. The person i.e. the defendant shall not be liable for the said loss which is aggravated due to such an event. This happens when the defendant causes a series of events to occur which creates a chain of causation which harms the victim, and a question arises out this context whether the original perpetrator shall be held responsible for the eventual outcome of such occurrences. In other words, if an assailant assaults someone, he shall be held liable for all the consequences of his act, both immediate and remote complications which may result in death for the victim. At times, sure new entirely unexpected development happens, which could be unforeseeable and it breaks the continuity of the ongoing events. This is called Novus actus interventions. After the case of R v Jordan (1956), it was observed that the case wrongfully adjudicated. Medical treatment should never regard as an event that breaks the chain of continuity to ensure legal certainty. Legal responsibility of the original assailant should never get absolved due to other events taking place after the original crime. While adjudicating, the court should consider, who is blameworthy. Thus, medical negligence should be regarded as Novus actus interventions as it would ensure legal clarity and would be helpful in deciding the responsibility of the most culpable actor. Again in R v Smith (1959), it was held that medical mistreatment shall not absolve the liability of the actual offender. Therefore, the hospital, where Betty admitted shall not be held liable for the death of Betty due to failure in the diagnosis of her unforeseeable victimization from septicemia. 4: "Gross Negligence" is a legal concept, which means carelessness, serious in nature. It is expected out of a man of conservative nature to be careful. But if the man fails to use his general carefulness and as an outcome of such negligence, he faces a loss of life, then such an act can be termed as an act of gross negligence. Gross negligence is similar to "manslaughter" under English Law. Gross negligence has been set out in many landmark cases such as R v Bateman, Andrews v DPP (1937). In these cases, the judiciary upheld the conviction of the appellant for manslaughter. In R v Caldwell and R v Lawrence (Stephen) (1982), it was held that a person shall be considered as reckless if he acted in such a way that caused substantial damage to the property or individual and under ordinary circumstances he was expected to act with reasonable care. According to section 1(1) of CMCH Act, 2007, an organization shall be held liable for its action, if such action consequently resulted in a p erson's death or has caused the breach of duty to care, owned by the organization. Section 2(2) provides that an organization shall include- a corporation, a department, a police force, partnership, trade unions or employers association. In the given case, Cathy and Derek are the producers of the program. If they are to prosecute for corporate manslaughter, the prosecution must conclusively prove that the defendants- were duty-bound to provide care, there was a subsequent breach of duty to care, which resulted in Betty's death, and their conduct itself was bad enough to constitute the criminal liability. Fulfillment of the criteria above is essential as the same came up in the landmark case of R v Adomako (1994). As per the case, it suggests that both Cathy and Derek made no action in stopping the argument between Betty and Alan. Though there is no evidence in support to prove that there was mens rea, it's evident that it was done to increase the rating of the show. Both of them had no anticipated anything serious would happen that would result in death. Thus, it is evident there was gross negligence present at the time of the crime. Cathy and Derek can face prosecution even if there is no evidence of mens rea present in the scenario. The same held by Lord Rose in the case of A-G Ref [No 2 of 1999 (2000)]. Again, in R v Evans (2009), it was observed that the duty to care doesn't arise from familial relation or acceptance of responsibility, but when individual act on the part of the defendant creates a dangerous situation. Here, Cathy and Derek's inaction to stop the argument between Alan and Betty created the said dangerous situation leading to the death of Betty. Possible defenses available include: Actual innocence, that is both Cathy and Derek were not the real perpetrators, and the burden of proof rests with the prosecution and until it proved otherwise. Both Cathy and Derek shall be presumed innocent; Accidental killing by showing that the homicide occurr ed as a result of an accident, the defendants possibly achieve a reduction in the manslaughter charge. But to prove it was accidental killing, the first instance that is Alan's action that caused the subsequent death of Betty must be proved as an accidental killing too, and not murder with intent to cause death. 5: In this context, it can be mentioned that the Eviction Ltd. who is another defendant in the case, shall be held liable for corporate manslaughter as described in sections 1(1) and 1(2) of the CMCH Act, 2007. But it may be stated that in the case of A-G Ref [no 2 of 1999(2000)], there arose a question whether a non-human defendant can be convicted of manslaughter if there is no evidence regarding the presence of guilty mind of individual defendant of the same crime. Reference List: Allen, Michael.Textbook on criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2013. Ashworth, Andrew, and Jeremy Horder.Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2013. Baker, Dennis, and Glanville Llewelyn Williams.Textbook of criminal law. Sweet Maxwell, 2012. Bassiouni, M. Cherif.Introduction to international criminal law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012. Cryer, Robert, et al.An introduction to international criminal law and procedure. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Duff, R. A. "Authority and responsibility in international criminal law." (2013). Herring, Jonathan.Criminal law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press, 2014. Katz, Leo.Bad acts and guilty minds: Conundrums of the criminal law. University of Chicago Press, 2012. Keating, Heather, et al. "Clarkson and Keating criminal law: Text and materials." (2014). Norrie, Alan.Crime, reason and history: A critical introduction to criminal law. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Ormerod, David, and Karl Laird.Smith and Hogan's criminal law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Simester, Andrew P., et al.Simester and Sullivan's criminal law: theory and doctrine. AC Black, 2014. Stephen, James Fitzjames, and Keith John Michael Smith.Selected Writings of James Fitzjames Stephen: A General View of the Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2014. Stephen, James Fitzjames.A history of the criminal law of England. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Von Glahn, Gerhard, and James Larry Taulbee.Law among nations: an introduction to public international law. Pearson Higher Ed, 2012. Werle, Gerhard, and Florian Jessberger.Principles of international criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2014. Blumenson, Eric, and Arthur B. Leavens. "Massachusetts Criminal Practice." (2012). Clapham, Andrew. "Human Rights and International Criminal Law." (2015). OBrien, Melanie. "Classifying Cultural and Physical Destruction: Are Modern Historical and Current Human Rights Violations in China Violations of International Criminal Law?."Criminal Law Forum. Vol. 26. No. 3-4. Springer Netherlands, 2015. Steel, Alex, and Melanie Schwartz. "Broader Social Context as a Lens for Learning: Teaching Criminal Law."Disciplines: the lenses of learning, Kathryn Coleman and Adele Flood (eds)(2014). Wexler, David B. "The international and interdisciplinary project to mainstream therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) in criminal courts: An update, a law school component, and an invitation."Alaska Journal of Dispute Resolution (2014 Forthcoming)(2014): 14-04. Stephen, James Fitzjames.A history of the criminal law of England. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Werle, Gerhard, and Florian Jessberger.Principles of international criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2014. Von Glahn, Gerhard, and James Larry Taulbee.Law among nations: an introduction to public international law. Pearson Higher Ed, 2012. Ashworth, Andrew, and Jeremy Horder.Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2013. Von Glahn, Gerhard, and James Larry Taulbee.Law among nations: an introduction to public international law. Pearson Higher Ed, 2012. Simester, Andrew P., et al.Simester and Sullivan's criminal law: theory and doctrine. AC Black, 2014. Ashworth, Andrew, and Jeremy Horder.Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2013 Ashworth, Andrew, and Jeremy Horder.Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2013. Werle, Gerhard, and Florian Jessberger.Principles of international criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2014. Von Glahn, Gerhard, and James Larry Taulbee.Law among nations: an introduction to public international law. Pearson Higher Ed, 2012. Von Glahn, Gerhard, and James Larry Taulbee.Law among nations: an introduction to public international law. Pearson Higher Ed, 2012. Baker, Dennis, and Glanville Llewelyn Williams.Textbook of criminal law. Sweet Maxwell, 2012. Keating, Heather, et al. "Clarkson and Keating criminal law: Text and materials." (2014). Katz, Leo.Bad acts and guilty minds: Conundrums of the criminal law. University of Chicago Press, 2012. Duff, R. A. "Authority and responsibility in international criminal law." (2013). Herring, Jonathan.Criminal law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press, 2014.

Operant Conditioning

Introduction Skinner brought about the concept of operant conditioning to elaborate the influence of the environment in determining an individual’s behavior. Skinner asserts that a particular behavior is a product of the expected consequence. Most of the time the behavior is a voluntary one but in some instances, operant conditioning can be used to modify involuntary behavior.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Operant Conditioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Positive Reinforcement In the context of drivers slowing down once they see a police vehicle doing radar in their vicinity to avoid a speeding ticket, Skinners principle of operant conditioning applies. In this scenario, the police car acts as a positive reinforcement to the behavior of driving within the speed limit. Every time the speeding drivers see a police car they are forced to reduce their speed so as to avoid getting a speeding ticket. The police car doing radar ahead is the condition that acts in modifying the voluntary behavior of reducing the speed limit by the drivers. Every time the drivers come in the vicinity of a police car doing radar, their behavior is influenced and as such reduces their speed to avoid a speeding ticket. The overall reward comes in when the driver’s license is due and they are not required to undertake a driving test due to having received a speeding ticket. This reward reinforces good behavior among drivers and as such they will always drive within the speed limit to avoid a speeding ticket. The police in this case act as the positive reinforcement. Positive Punishment The issuance of a speeding ticket to those drivers found driving above the speeding limit acts as a positive punisher to reduce the tendency of drivers over speeding. According to Skinner’s principle of operant conditioning, positive punishment decreases the performance of an undesired behavior. Every time an unwanted behavior occurs, one receives a punishment and as such the punishment deters a repeat of the same behavior (Coon and Mitterer 234). In this scenario, once a driver receives a speeding ticket (positive punisher), he/she will be reluctant to drive over the speed limit (condition). The act of slowing down in the presence of a police car doing radar reduces the anticipated punishment and encourages driving within the speed limit.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement is observed when an unpleasant condition is abolished or extinguished so as to augment the occurrence of a particular desired behavior. In this context, whenever there is no police car doing radar in the vicinity, there is an increased chance that the drivers will drive above the speeding limit. The absence of the police car is the negative reinforce for driving above the spe ed limit. In addition, the drivers will not be afraid of receiving any speeding ticket since the police will not be around to issue them. The absence of the police car will reinforce the behavior of driving above the speed limit. Negative Punishment Negative punishment is a concept of operant conditioning brought about by Skinner to explain the reduction in particular behaviors as a result of removal or denial of a particular condition. In this context, the withdrawal of ones driving license by the police and being banned to drive acts as a negative punishment to deter drivers from driving above the speed limit. Work Cited Coon, Dennis, and Mitterer, John. Psychology: A Journey. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2010. This report on Operant Conditioning was written and submitted by user Lexi House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Operant Conditioning

How Pearls Form and Which Species Makes Them

How Pearls Form and Which Species Makes Them The pearls you may wear in earrings and necklaces are the result of an irritant under the shell of a living organism. Pearls are formed by saltwater or freshwater  mollusks - a diverse group of animals that includes oysters, mussels, clams, conchs, and gastropods.   How Do Mollusks Make Pearls? Pearls are formed when an irritant, such as a bit of food, a grain of sand, bacteria or even a piece of the mollusks mantle becomes trapped in the mollusk. To protect itself, the mollusk secretes the substances aragonite (a mineral) and conchiolin (a protein), which are the same substances it secretes to form its shell. The composite of these two substances is called nacre, or mother-of-pearl. The layers are deposited around the irritant and it grows over time, forming the pearl. Depending on how the aragonite is arranged, the pearl may have a high luster (nacre, or mother-of-pearl) or a more porcelain-like surface that doesnt have that luster. In the case of the low-luster pearls, the sheets of aragonite crystals are perpendicular to or at an angle to the surface of the pearl. For the iridescent nacreous pearls, the crystal layers are overlapping. Pearls may be a variety of colors, including white, pink and black. You can tell an imitation pearl from a real pearl by rubbing them on your teeth. Real pearls feel gritty against the teeth due to the layers of nacre, while imitation ones are smooth. Pearls are not always round. Freshwater pearls are often shaped more like puffed rice. Unusual shapes can also be prized for jewelry, especially for large pearls. Which Mollusks Make Pearls? Any mollusk can form a pearl, although they are more common in some animals than in others. There are animals known as pearl oysters, which includes species in the genus Pinctada. The species Pinctada maxima (called the gold-lipped pearl oyster or silver-lipped pearl oyster) lives in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific from Japan to Australia and produce pearls known as South Sea Pearls. Pearls may also be found and cultured in freshwater mollusks and are often produced by species collectively called pearl mussels. Other pearl-producing animals include abalones, conchs, pen shells, and whelks. How are Cultured Pearls Made? Some pearls are cultured. These pearls do not form by chance in the wild. They are helped by humans, who insert a piece of shell, glass or mantle into a mollusk and wait for pearls to form. This process involves many steps for the oyster farmer. The farmer must raise the oysters for about three years before they are mature enough to implant, keeping them healthy. Then they implant them with the graft and nucleus and harvest the pearls 18 months to three years later.   As natural pearls are very rare and hundreds of oysters or clams would have to be opened to find one wild pearl, cultured pearls are more common.